Localising 3D Construction Printing: A Mixed-Methods Assessment of Material Feasibility and Artisan Perceptions in Nigeria

Abstract

Rapid urbanisation and a housing deficit in Nigeria, particularly in Abuja (the federal capital territory), have intensified the need for innovative and cost-effective solutions to deliver affordable housing. This study examines how three-dimensional construction printing (3DCP) could resolve the affordable housing construction in Nigeria, as its contribution towards the realisation of sustainable development. The study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods, including interviews with brick masons and a review of case studies from Malawi and Kenya. The interviews provide insights into motivation, experiences, and perspectives, while the case studies highlight their feasibility for low-income earners, despite challenges like inflation and high construction costs. Findings from the study indicate that 3DCP homes can be produced at a fraction of conventional costs, with estimates suggesting savings of 30-50%, while significantly shortening project timelines. Case studies from experimental builds reveal that locally sourced materials, such as stabilised earth and recycled construction waste, can be adapted for 3D printing, further enhancing affordability and sustainability. Empirical evidence from the interviews of artisans and surveys indicates conditional acceptance of the technology. This is shaped by concerns about skills relevance, material performance, and access to training, reinforcing the value of combining technical analysis with practitioner perspectives. However, barriers such as limited technical expertise, regulatory hurdles, and initial capital investment remain critical challenges. This paper concludes that 3DCP can help address Nigeria’s housing problem by reducing costs, speeding up construction, and using eco-friendly materials. When aligned with existing housing frameworks, the technology offers a practical pathway to expand affordable housing delivery in Nigeria, providing scalable solutions that benefit low-income populations and contribute to the urban housing system.